![]() Stages are set in different locations across the world such as Tokyo Bay, Manhattan, London East, and more. Relish in the destructive environments as you beat your opponent senseless. ![]() Defeat the other monsters in highly destructive combat using punches kicks or fire breath. Some of these monsters are Jet Jaguar, Mothra, and Space Godzilla. ![]() Plus, there 13+ incredible monsters to choose among from the Godzilla universes. Battle harsh aliens and other monsters too. Live through the intensity of extreme monster fighting with Godzilla Save The Earth. Godzilla Save The Earth For Sony PlayStation 2. Visit to buy these item(s) & more while supplies last! Continued abuse of our services will cause your IP address to be blocked indefinitely.!(2lrxcjam3圓91 " Enjoy over 13+ monsters from the Godzilla universe in Godzilla Save The Earth. Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. Overusing our search engine with a very large number of searches in a very short amount of time.Godzilla: Save the Earth Godzilla (2014 video game) with films set to. Godzilla: Save the Earth PS2 Previews Aug 16, 2004. Using a badly configured (or badly written) browser add-on for blocking content ( GBA 2002) Godzilla: Save the Earth ( Xbox, PS2 2004) Godzilla: Unleashed.Running a "scraper" or "downloader" program that either does not identify itself or uses fake headers to elude detection.Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine Godzilla Save The Earth For Sony PlayStation 2. It is developed by Pipeworks Software, published by Atari, and released in 2004 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Pre-Owned Sony PlayStation 2 Godzilla: Save the Earth. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. Godzilla Save The Earth PS2, Tested and Working, Disc Only, Authentic game. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does.Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. If you are using the Brave browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse, then send that data back to a third party, essentially spying on your browsing habits.We strongly recommend you stop using this browser until this problem is corrected. The latest version of the Opera browser sends multiple invalid requests to our servers for every page you visit.The most common causes of this issue are: Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests.
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![]() “No one wants the job who can actually keep Twitter alive. He’s upended the platform’s verification system and has scaled back content moderation and safeguards against the spread of misinformation.īantering with Twitter followers late last year, Musk expressed pessimism about the prospects for a new CEO, saying that person “must like pain a lot” to run a company that “has been in the fast lane to bankruptcy.” He began his first day firing the company’s top executives, followed by roughly 80% of its staff. Musk’s tenure at Twitter’s helm has been chaotic, and he’s made various promises and proclamations he’s backtracked or never followed up on. It’s been nearly six months since he said that. Musk also said at the time that he expected an organizational restructuring of Twitter to be completed in the next week or so. Musk said he never intended to be CEO of Tesla, and that he didn’t want to be chief executive of any other companies either, preferring to see himself as an engineer. Musk had to testify in the trial in Delaware’s Court of Chancery over a shareholder’s challenge to his potentially $55 billion compensation plan as CEO of the electric car company. Last November, he was questioned in court about how he splits his time among Tesla and his other companies, including SpaceX and Twitter. Shareholders of the electric car company have been concerned about how much of his attention is being spent on Twitter. Shares of Tesla rose about 2% Thursday after Musk made the announcement. ![]() The success of those efforts will depend on who takes over, but it’s difficult to imagine that the new CEO could be more controversial or damaging to Twitter’s ad business than Musk has been.” As he steps back, Twitter can begin to unravel Musk’s personal brand from the company’s corporate image and attempt to regain trust among advertisers. “The single biggest problem with Twitter’s ad business was Elon Musk. “A new CEO is the only way forward for Twitter,” said Insider Intelligence analyst Jasmine Enberg. Twitter’s advertising business has taken a hit under Musk’s mercurial rule, though the billionaire told BBC last month that the company is now “roughly” breaking even. ![]() In February, he told a conference he anticipated finding a CEO for San Francisco-based Twitter “probably toward the end of this year.”Īnalysts who follow Twitter’s business welcomed the news even without knowing who the replacement will be. More than a month later, he tweeted in December: “I will resign as CEO as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job.” The pledge came after millions of Twitter users asked him to step down in a Twitter poll the billionaire himself created and promised to abide by. While testifying, Musk said “I expect to reduce my time at Twitter and find somebody else to run Twitter over time.” In mid-November, just a few weeks after buying the social media platform for $44 billion, he told a Delaware court that he does not want to be the CEO of any company. The Tesla billionaire said in a tweet Thursday that his role will transition to being Twitter’s executive chairman and chief technology officer. Musk, who bought Twitter last fall and has been running it since, has long insisted he is not the company’s permanent CEO. He did not name her but said she will be starting in about six weeks. Elon Musk said Thursday he has found a new CEO for Twitter, or X Corp. (Please use the part numbers next to each item for those items that are listed online.) I will send a return e-mail confirming availability of the items that you have ordered and giving payment information.ĭiscount: If your order totals $100 or more (before shipping), take 10% off of your total. If you would like to place an order, please e-mail me ( and let me know what items you would like to purchase. Stems, Crowns, Pushers, Springs, Bows, etc.Ĭollectable Pocket Watches and Movements Above $600Ĭollectable Pocket Watches and Movements $200 to $600Ĭollectable Pocket Watches and Movements Below $200 Glass High and Low Dome Bullseye Crystalsĭrills, Broaches, Burrs, Millers, ReamersĪntique and Vintage Pedometers, Compasses & Stopwatches Thanks for visiting and, if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask by e-mailing me at updated on May 25, 2023 Information on ordering can be found below the links. To view my online inventory, just click on the links in the following section. So, if you need a part and don't see it here, just ask. What you see listed on this site is only a small portion of my inventory. I welcome all Dashto customers and hope that I can provide you with the same exceptional service that Tom provided. You can find those inventory sheets in the third column, below. I am maintaining Tom Mister's inventory sheets along with his prices. In March 2018, we purchased the inventory of Dashto Horological Supply. Please note that I do not stock parts for modern or quartz watches. ![]() My parts inventory is focused on American pocket watches, although I do have some Swiss material. (I guarantee this.) In my opinion, the quality of these old tools matches the quality of what is being produced by the Swiss watch repair tool makers today. As you will see, most of my tools are antique (or at least vintage) but all are still in good working condition. ![]() Ībout fifteen years ago, I decided to open an online store and to maintain a more permanent inventory to better serve collectors looking for hard-to-find parts and tools. Take the ramp leading up to a trolley station overpass located on Maple St. Weve divided the Golden Reels into 10 at a time, each with their own map showing their locations. Take the ladder up to the roof and travel towards the front end roof of the theatre building, facing Broadway to find the Reel. To access the roof of Los Angeles Theatre, head to a small alley on 6th St and climb the copper drain pipe. The Reel is located on a pathway under a white building with the Elysian Field's Monroe billboard on it. Follow the outer platform that surrounds it and leads to a small hut with the Reel sitting atop a wooden spool table.īetween Main St. Find the street-side ladder and climb it one level up. Plug in the number 34 degrees, 4 minutes, 29 seconds North and 118 degrees, 17 minutes, 58 seconds West. There's a half-finished building still undergoing construction on the corner of 2nd St. Next head over to the city map in the center of the room. In the empty lot next to Globe Bakery on Grand Ave.Īt the Angels Flight Railway structure on the corner of 3rd St. The first one on the right directly behind a "Building a Better California" billboard, contains the Film Reel inside. Just north of 1st St., you'll find a lot of houses still under construction. Of course, La Noire, constant companion of this same Stearman, immortal. Find stairs that lead up to the second floor and this building, and the Reel is sitting in front of an apartment on the upper floor. Funny things, jigsaw puzzles, had one when I was a boy, map of the world on. Inside the apartment complex, there is a green building just on the south side of the narrow unnamed street directly in the middle of two other buildings. The house is a large 2 story mansion surrounded by bushes, and the fountain is behind the 2 car garage. This area is mostly surronded by walls, either jump wall, or enter by the east Mansion entrance located on the North/South road between Hobart Blvd, and Ardmore Ave. Next to a fountain in a hedged backyard between Hobart Blvd. Sitting under a tree in the southwest corner of the playground that's next to Samuel's Delicatessen facing Santa Monica Blvd. There will be a football field directly ahead of you.īehind the K Autoshop building located at the junction of Homewood Ave, Cahuenga Blvd., and Cole Ave., directly under the Cola King billboard.ĭirectly under the tree in the center of a small shop plaza off Melrose Ave. These first four cases are rather short compared to bigger cases that come along. that the dead man is considered an Easter Egg to another Rockstar game L.A. In the center of the sidewalk directly at the end of a dead-end street coming off of Schrader Blvd (1.5 blocks south of Hollywood Blvd.). Noire Starting Block The Patrol Desk serves as a tutorial to the game. For the Ghost Town hidden within the desert of Grand Theft Auto: San. and 1 block east of Las Palmas Ave.) and take the only stairs leading to an upstairs patio (4th door on the left from Selma Ave.) to find the Reel. Go down the red brick plaza between the condo rows (South off of Selma Ave. The reel is against the brick wall there. There is a raised sidewalk on your right which is adjacent a tan building. LA Noire Remaster - Case 7 - A Marriage Made in Heaven (5 Stars) GTA Series Videos 272K views 5 years ago Enjoy 2 weeks of live TV, on us Stream more, watch easier, and spend less with. You will see a Capt'n Saltee Potato Chips billboard there. Go up that, then there is a driveway to your left again against a brick wall. there is a driveway just to your left a tiny bit. Follow the tracks and where they loop around a small water tower, you will find the reel on the west side of the base of that water tower. When you get to the intersection at La Brea Ave., you will see train tracks going into a compound. ![]() With that in mind, we'll start our search at the southeastern corner of the map, and gradually work our way northwest to Hollywood from there. Noire may be the most mature, character-focused open-world game weve ever played but just like any other sandbox game worth its salt, its streets and alleywayshide a ton of hidden. ![]() While the entire game world is open to you from the beginning of the game, Cole Phelps begins his career in LA's Central district. UPDATE: At present, this guide is still incomplete.Images, maps and walkthroughsarein placefor all 50 reels and 30 landmarks, but we'll be adding videos and larger maps in the next few days. There are 1000 liters in a cubic meter, so the mass of 1 cubic meter of water is approximately 1000 kilograms or 1 metric ton. Milky Way Galaxy: 1.15357 x 10 42 kg or 5.8 x 10 11 solar mass: Sun. So, to convert directly from kg to lb, you multiply by 2.204622. This calculator can convert values between the common weight and mass units. This is a very easy to use pounds to kilograms converter.First of all just type the pounds (lbs) value in the text field of the conversion form to start converting lbs to kg, then select the decimals value and finally hit convert button if auto calculation didnt work.Kilograms value will be converted automatically as you type. Please visit all weight and mass units conversion to convert. 1 kg 2 lb 3 oz 4 dr 10 gr Weight in Imperial units. Or, you can find the single factor you need by dividing the A factor by the B factor.įor example, to convert from kilograms to pounds you would multiply by 1000 then divide by 453.59237. Kilogramms to pounds Weight in kilogramms Weight in American units. To convert among any units in the left column, say from A to B, you can multiply by the factor for A to convert A into grams then divide by the factor for B to convert out of grams. To convert from g into units in the left columnĭivide by the value in the right column or, multiply by the reciprocal, 1/x. Multiply by the conversion value in the right column in the table below. Now, use the lbs to kg converter calculator and convert the following mass in pounds to kilogram (kg). Kilogram to Pound Conversion Example Task: Convert 15 kilograms to pounds (show work) Formula: kg 0.45359237 lb Calculations: 15 kg 0.45359237 33.06933933 lb Result: 15 kg is equal to 33. See below section for step by step unit conversion with formulas and explanations. Next, let's look at an example showing the work and calculations that are involved in converting from kilograms to pounds (kg to lb). To simply convert from any unit into grams, for example, from 5 kilograms, just Therefore, 180 pounds (Ibs) 81.72 kilograms (kg). Conversely, 1 metric tonnes (mt) is equal to 1000 kilograms (kg). Where S is our starting value, C is our conversion factor, and ![]() For more specific calculations useĬonversions are performed by using a conversion factor. By knowing the conversion factor, converting between units can become a simple multiplication problem: This online conversion calculator will convert among different units of weight or mass. ![]() Watch Air New Zealand’s new “Hobbit”-inspired safety video above, then check out “An Unexpected Briefing” below. The world premiere of the second film in the Hobbit trilogy, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, took place in Los Angeles on Monday, the same day Air New Zealands Boeing 777-300 plane decorated. The third and final installment of Jackson’s latest Tolkien trilogy, “The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies,” is set to premiere Friday, Dec. The latest is their second “Hobbit”-inspired video, following 2012’s “An Unexpected Briefing.”Īlso read: Fall Movie Forecast: Can ‘Interstellar,’ ‘Hunger Games: Mockingjay’ and ‘The Hobbit’ Finale Save the Box Office? All in all, the short film was a perfect tribute to the Middle-earth saga, now coming to a close, which has brought a lot of attention to the beauty of New Zealand over the past decade.Īir New Zealand has a tradition of making elaborate and unique safety videos, including ones starring Betty White, and a collaboration with Sports Illustrated for the 50th anniversary of their Swimsuit issue. As the official airline of Middle-earth, Air New Zealand has gone all out to celebrate the third and final film in The Hobbit Trilogy - The Hobbit: The Battl. A lot of love and care went into making things like seats on top of giant eagles. Not to mention, they didn’t scrimp on the special effects and costuming budgets, either. “We are very proud to be the official airline of Middle-earth and have worked hard over the past three years to create highly effective global marketing campaigns, including distinctive branded aircraft and Hobbit-inspired online content, which have got the world talking about both our airline and destination New Zealand,” said Jodi Williams, Air New Zealand’s head of global brand development.Īlso read: Peter Jackson’s ‘Hobbit’ Trilogy Costs $745 Million So Far It certainly helps when you’re filming on the beautiful landscape that has brought Middle-earth to life across five films so far. To say the Kiwis are all-in over native son Peter Jackson's locally shot The Hobbit trilogy is putting it lightly. As you embark on your long and exciting journey to New Zealand, youll be happy to know that a great adventure awaits you on board, in the form of a. Tolkien elves, orcs and dwarves as passengers, and even an epic battle - with a surprise ending - this video proves that any topic can be made awesome to behold. With flight attendants looking like classic J.R.R. See photos: Johnny Depp Enchants as Big Bad Wolf in Disney’s ‘Into the Woods’ First Look Who wouldn’t want to learn airplane safety guidelines from Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood), Radagast the Brown ( Sylvester McCoy), the dwarf Fili (Dean O’Gorman), special effects guru and Weta Workshops co-founder Richard Taylor and director Peter Jackson himself? With close to 120,000 people viewing it online every hour, Air New Zealands latest Hobbit-inspired safety video has become the airlines most popular video. Air New Zealand found another use for all those “Lord of the Rings” and “Hobbit” sets and costumes lying around now that the films are wrapping up, as the company created what they’ve rightfully dubbed “The Most Epic Safety Video Ever Made.” ![]() This particular Rend isn’t a weak one either, only being beaten by a few other Rend options. Having access to Rend on a weapon commonly used by Tanks is actually really good. Lasting Trauma allows Armor Breaker to apply a 20% Rend for 10 seconds on hit. Can be really helpful for countering certain abilities in PvP, but requires timing as it’s one of the War Hammer’s fastest skills. The situations where you can use this to counter a stagger are really nice. Grit is nice on the War Hammer in general and this gives you an offensive way to trade with an attack that would otherwise stagger you or knock you down. Indomitable adds Grit to Armor Breaker, giving you resistance to Staggers. However the short range of the ability makes it harder to use properly. In PvP, it’s quick animation and armor penetration helps it do well. Otherwise, it’s still a fantastic skill for PvE, especially after being upgraded. With a cooldown of 12 seconds, Armor Breaker is the War Hammer’s shortest cooldown.īeing high single target damage with armor penetration makes it excellent for holding boss aggro if you decide to tank with the War Hammer or use it as a supporting weapon. It also happens to be a bit faster compared to a Heavy Attack which makes it easier to use in more situations. This skill ends up being a hard hitting single target attack, thanks to the armor penetration. Armor BreakerĪrmor Breaker is a powerful attack that deals 140% Weapon damage, while penetrating 35% of enemy Armor. The Active skills for the Juggernaut Tree consist of Armor Breaker, Mighty Gavel, and Wrecking Ball. It is however the source of all of our single target damage options and plenty of damage passives. Juggernaut Treeĭespite the name, the Juggernaut Tree isn’t the ideal tanking tree. S tier are the good passives, the ones you’re almost always going for if you pick up a skill or want to because it’s useful in many scenarios. A and B Tiers are middling tiers, putting them between the worst passives and the best, leaning one way or the other. C tier is exclusively for the passives that are not that great, either being forced by another upgrade or generally useless. There’s a lot to cover here, so we’ll break it down per tree to keep things organized.Īlongside the general information, They’ll be given a Rating from C up to S tier for both PvE and PvP. We’ll talk a bit about each, their uses and how effective they are. ![]() War Hammer Skills, Passives and Perksįirst we’ll lead off with the skills and passives. With access to Rend and other armor reducing or ignoring effects, it’s a strong option for giving big threats a bonk they’ll never forget. With plenty of hard hitting skills and plenty of AoE, the War Hammer can hold its own against one or several foes. It’s on the weaker side of Tanks though, due to the lack of a high range Taunt option. It’s a very formidable weapon, capable of high damage and crowd control. However unlike the Sword and Shield, it cannot block Ranged attacks. It’s far from the best 1v1 weapon, but 1vX? It’s ready to take on all comers. Slow Attacks, Huge Damage, Lots of AoE, and Overwhelming amounts of crowd control. The War Hammer is everything you’d expect of a heavy weapon. ![]() Selecting default sets all options to their default values.Įach color must be of the form 'xrrggbb', where x is the literal character 'x' and 'rrggbb' are the red, green and blue components in hex. The first six options can be in any order. ![]() Where is landscape, portrait, or default is either color or monochrome is either rotate or norotate solid draws all curves with solid lines, overriding any dashed patterns is the assumed width of the plot in points is the line width in points (default 1) is the name of a font and is the size of the font in points (default 12).īy default, cgm uses rotated text for the Y axis label. The font and its size can also be selected. The amiga terminal, for Commodore Amiga computers, allows the user to plot either to a screen (default), or, if Kickstart 3.0 or higher is installed, to a window on the current public screen. Set size 0.7,1.4 set term aifm color "Times-Roman" 14 amiga However, each graph will be grouped individually, making it easy to separate them inside AI (just pick them up and move them). Since AI does not really support multiple pages, multiple graphs will be drawn directly on top of one another. Selecting default sets all options to their default values: monochrome, "Times-Roman", and 14pt. ![]() is either color or monochrome "" is the name of a valid PostScript font is the size of the font in PostScript points, before scaling by the set size command. Several options may be set in aifm-the Adobe Illustrator 3.0+ driver. The two drivers differ only in their horizontal ranges, which are 512 and 768 pixels, respectively. The aed512 and aed767 terminal drivers support AED graphics terminals. Term::GnuplotTerminals - documentation of gnuplot output devices aed767 ![]() Additionally, you may have poor video quality that doesn’t improve. Depending on the network structure of your mobile carrier, Remote Play may not be available, or it may be interrupted due to an unstable connection.Remote Play will disconnect when you switch between mobile data and Wi-fi® during use.Moving your client device around causes the connection to become unstable, which may lead to Remote Play being interrupted or disconnected.Use Remote Play in a location with a stable and sufficiently fast connection.If you’re using Remote Play to control your PS5 console or PS4 console (CUH-7000 series / CUH-7100 series / CUH-7200 series), the video quality is adjusted automatically, depending on your network status. This may help the connection become stable, allowing for a smoother Remote Play experience. If you’re using Remote Play to control your PS4 console from your Windows PC, Mac, or mobile device, go to or, and then select to set a lower resolution video quality.Wait until they’re idle before using Remote Play. This may also happen if other devices on your network are using a large amount of bandwidth. During Remote Play, streaming video and other media on the client device may cause the video to flicker and not play smoothly.If your network environment doesn’t support a sufficient connection speed, contact your internet service provider or mobile carrier for more information. ![]() On your PS4 console, go to >, and then select.On your PS5 console, go to >, and then select.Check the estimated connection speed for your PS5 console or PS4 console using in the following ways. We recommend a high-speed connection with upload and download speeds of at least 5 Mbps. We recommend using a wired connection to connect your PS5 console, PS4 console, Windows PC, or Mac to the internet.If your network environment uses NAT Type 3, you may not be able to connect to other devices, and you may not be able to use Remote Play. If you’re using mobile data, contact your mobile carrier. If the port isn’t blocked, or you still can’t use Remote Play after setting up port forwarding, contact your internet service provider. By doing so, you may be able to use Remote Play. If your router is blocking this port, you can set up port forwarding and allow access from the internet to your PS5 console or PS4 console. Check to make sure that your router, internet service provider, and mobile carrier aren’t blocking this port. Remote Play uses UDP Port 8572 to connect to your PS5 console, PS4 console, or mobile device. Enter the number from your host PS4 console into the app on your client device to link the two devices. On your host PS4 console, from the function screen, select >, and then select and a number appears.Enter the number from your host PS5 console into the app on your client device to link the two devices. On your host PS5 console, from the home screen, go to >, and then select and a number appears.After connecting both devices to the same network, follow the instructions on your screen. You can manually link a device (the client) to remotely control a second device (the host). When your client device can’t find the PS5 console or PS4 console you’re trying to control If it’s not updated to the latest version, launch, and then follow the instructions on your screen to update the app. Check to make sure that is updated to the latest version on your Windows PC, Mac, or mobile device.On your PS4 console, from the function screen, go to and then select.On your PS5 console, from the home screen, go to >, and then select.Ĭheck to make sure that the system software on your PS5 console or PS4 console is updated to the latest version. You can also check by going to, and then selecting or. Make sure that the checkmark is selected for. On your PS5 console, from the home screen, go to >, and then select or.What to check first when Remote Play isn’t availableĬheck to make sure that your PS5 console or PS4 console can connect to the internet, and that you're able to sign in to PlayStation™Network. You can also visit the support site for information.Depending on the content or how it’s used, Remote Play may not be available.Before trying to connect remotely from outside your home, check that your device connects properly while you're near the PS5 console or PS4 console that you’re trying to control. ![]() I offer this definition: A grapheme is the smallest distinct component in a written text. It's a word that precisely conjure up the idea of "a graphical unit in a text". Which is the greater entity, the grapheme or the character? What does one call those graphic elements in text that are not letters or punctuation? One term that springs quickly to mind is "grapheme". The problem is that neither are they all characters. Unicode doesn't concern itself much with glyphs, and the things it defines in its code charts are certainly not glyphs. For every character, there is an infinite number of possible glyphs.įirst, as I stated, there is an infinite number of possible glyphs for each character so no, a character is not "always represented by a single glyph". A font provides a set of glyphs for a certain set of characters (not Unicode characters). Unicode normalization addresses this issue.Ī glyph is the visual representation of a character. ![]() This means that there is more than one way in Unicode to represent a character. Unfortunately, the Unicode rules allow some juxtaposed graphemes to be interpreted as other graphemes that already have their own code points ( precomposed forms). Unicode provides rules for the interpretation of juxtaposed graphemes as individual characters.Ī Unicode code point is a unique number assigned to each Unicode character (which is either a character or a grapheme). What the Unicode standard defines as "characters" is actually a mix of graphemes and characters. Outside the Unicode standard a character is an individual unit of text composed of one or more graphemes. A font may contain multiple alternative glyphs for the same grapheme, too. For OTF, the font's GSUB and GPOS tables contain substitution and positioning information to make this work. Fonts may compose multiple glyphs into a single representation, for example, if the above ä is a single code point, a font may choose to render that as two separate, spatially overlaid glyphs. the zero-width non-joiner, or directional overrides).Ī glyph is an image, usually stored in a font (which is a collection of glyphs), used to represent graphemes or parts thereof. Some code points are never part of any grapheme (e.g. ä may be two code points, one for the base character a followed by one for the diaeresis but there's also an alternative, legacy, single code point representing this grapheme). For example, both a and ä are graphemes, but they may consist of multiple code points (e.g. For example, the snowman glyph ( ☃) is a single code point but 3 UTF-8 code units, and 1 UTF-16 code unit.Ī grapheme is a sequence of one or more code points that are displayed as a single, graphical unit that a reader recognizes as a single element of the writing system. A single code unit may represent a full code point, or part of a code point. In UTF-8 this means 8 bits, in UTF-16 this means 16 bits. Each code point is a number which is given meaning by the Unicode standard.Ī code unit is the unit of storage of a part of an encoded code point. ![]() How exactly do each of these concepts differ from each other, and in what circumstances would they not have a one-to-one relationship with each other?Ĭharacter is an overloaded term that can mean many things.Ī code point is the atomic unit of information. So I seek the arcane wisdom of those more learned than I. Most of these definitions possess the quality of sounding very academic and formal, but lack the quality of meaning anything, or else defer the problem of definition to yet another glossary entry or section of the standard. (1) A minimally distinctive unit of writing in the context of a particular writing system. In displaying Unicode character data, one or more glyphs may be selected to depict a particular character. (1) An abstract form that represents one or more glyph images. (3) The basic unit of encoding for the Unicode character encoding. A unit of information used for the organization, control, or representation of textual data.Ĭharacter. The Unicode Consortium offers a glossary to explain this stuff, but it's full of "definitions" like this:Ībstract Character. Seeing how these terms get used in documents like Matthias Bynens' JavaScript has a unicode problem or Wikipedia's piece on Han unification, I've gathered that these concepts are not the same thing and that it's dangerous to conflate them, but I'm kind of struggling to grasp what each term means. In particular, the distinction between code points, characters, glyphs and graphemes - concepts which in the simplest case, when dealing with English text using ASCII characters, all have a one-to-one relationship with each other - is causing me trouble. Trying to understand the subtleties of modern Unicode is making my head hurt. |
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